Final answer:
The cardiovascular system is controlled by both central and local systems during dynamic exercise. Neural mechanisms and endocrine controls play a role in regulating blood flow and heart rate, while autoregulation locally controls vasodilation and constriction. This integration ensures efficient blood delivery and oxygen supply during exercise.
Step-by-step explanation:
The cardiovascular system is controlled by both central and local systems during dynamic exercise. Neural mechanisms, such as the cardiovascular centers in the medulla oblongata and baroreceptors in the aorta and carotid arteries, monitor blood pressure and oxygen levels. Endocrine controls, including epinephrine and norepinephrine, affect blood flow and heart rate. Autoregulation, through chemical signals and the myogenic response, locally controls vasodilation and constriction.
During dynamic exercise, the cardiovascular system responds to the increased oxygen demand in active muscles. The central control, mediated by neural mechanisms, increases heart rate and cardiac output. The local control, mediated by autoregulatory mechanisms, widens the blood vessels in active muscles to enhance blood flow. This integration of central and local systems ensures efficient blood delivery and oxygen supply during exercise.