Final answer:
c. karen horney The concept of coping with stress by moving toward, against, or away from people aligns with the theories of Karen Horney, who identified these three coping styles as ways individuals handle stress and anxiety.
Step-by-step explanation:
The idea that people cope with stress by moving toward people, away from people, or against people is most consistent with the views of Karen Horney. Horney's theories on coping styles describe these three approaches to handling stress and anxiety. She postulated that individuals can cope by affiliating and depending on others (moving toward people), by becoming aggressive and assertive (moving against people), or by detaching and isolating themselves (moving away from people). These approaches can become neurotic strategies if used rigidly and are a reflection of how childhood experiences shape adult coping mechanisms. Although Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers also contributed heavily to the understanding of the self within humanistic psychology, their theories do not specifically address coping by moving towards, against, or away from others in the same way that Karen Horney does.
Similarly, while other significant contributors to personality theory, like Alfred Adler, Carl Jung, Erik Erikson, and Erich Fromm, provided valuable insights into personality development, they are not primarily known for the coping styles described in the question.The idea that people cope with stress by moving toward people, away from people, or against people is most consistent with the views of Karen Horney. Horney's theories focused on the role of unconscious anxiety, and she suggested three styles of coping: moving toward people, moving against people, and moving away from people. These styles of coping are learned in childhood and can continue into adulthood, affecting relationships and interactions with others.