Final answer:
Jack’s expectation that athletes have a low GPA is an instance of implicit personality theory, a cognitive shortcut where individuals make assumptions about others' personalities and behaviors, which can sometimes lead to misjudgments.
Step-by-step explanation:
Jack expects people who play sports to have a low GPA. This is an example of A. implicit personality theory. Implicit personality theory refers to the assumptions or beliefs we have about how personality traits are related or how they come together to form a personality. When Jack makes an assumption about student-athletes having lower GPAs, he’s relying on a stereotype or a generalization that may not be supported by empirical evidence. People often use such theories to predict how others will behave based on limited observations. This type of cognitive shortcut allows individuals to process social information quickly, but can also lead to inaccuracies and misjudgments. This contrasts with discrimination, the actor-observer effect, and normative conformity, which are different psychological phenomena.