Final answer:
The solid state of matter comprises particles that are closely packed in a structured arrangement, with strong intermolecular forces keeping them in fixed positions. Solids have a definite shape and volume and do not move past each other. The properties of a solid depend on the types of particles and the forces that bind them.
Step-by-step explanation:
The solid state of matter is characterized by particles—either atoms, molecules, or ions—that are packed closely together in a well-organized structure. Due to the low thermal energy, the intermolecular forces are strong enough to hold the particles in fixed positions, restricting their movement largely to vibrations around their fixed points. Unlike liquids and gases, solids have a definite shape and volume which are not easily changed by varying temperatures and pressures. The particles in a solid do not have enough energy to move past each other, resulting in a state that is rigid and often hard, though some solids (like waxes) can be soft, and many ionic solids are brittle. The physical properties of a solid—including its hardness or brittleness—are determined by the types of intermolecular forces holding the particles together and the structure of the particle arrangement.
Matter is most commonly found in one of three states: solid, liquid, or gas. In the solid phase, matter maintains a fixed structure and resists changes to its shape or volume until enough energy is added to enter the liquid or gaseous state.