Final answer:
The oncoming officer shall commence formal shift change activities at the beginning of the shift, which is when the ongoing shift ends and the next one starts.
Step-by-step explanation:
The students question appears to relate to organizational procedures, likely within the context of law enforcement or a similar field, regarding the timing of shift change activities. The answer to the question 'The oncoming officer shall commence formal shift change activities at the beginning of the shift' would most logically be 'A. The beginning of the shift.' This is because shift changeover typically happens when the ongoing shift ends and the incoming shift begins, allowing for a smooth transition and continuity of duties.
The additional information provided about the Sun's position, phases of the Moon, and other astronomical events do not directly apply to the initial question involving shift change protocols.