Final answer:
Permanent components of motor learning include the establishment of reflex arcs, sensory-motor integration, and procedural memory, with the cerebellum playing a fundamental role in the refinement and automation of motor skills.
Step-by-step explanation:
Some permanent components of motor learning include the development of reflex arcs, the establishment of sensory-motor integration, and procedural memory. During motor learning, a basic processing stream for the motor system is formed which dictates the pathway of descending motor commands from the cortex to the skeletal muscles. Reflexive actions, such as those controlled by reflex arcs, play a fundamental role in early motor development and can evolve into more complex voluntary motor skills as seen in activities like cycling or playing an instrument.
Furthermore, the cerebellum plays a critical role as a comparator in voluntary movement, contributing to procedural expertise in motor skills. Over time, these skills transition from cognitively demanding tasks to automatic behaviors that require less conscious effort. This procedural knowledge becomes a lasting part of one's implicit memory.