Final answer:
A Department Head may recommend formal negative sanctions such as suspension, demotion, or termination to enforce organizational norms and disciplinary actions.
Step-by-step explanation:
A Department Head may recommend disciplinary action beyond formal counseling, which can include suspension, demotion, or termination of employment. Disciplinary actions are considered formal negative sanctions, which are part of an organization's official means to enforce compliance with its norms and rules.
For example, if an associate professor engages in actions detrimental to the reputation or function of the department, such as spreading rumors about colleagues, the Department Head can recommend more serious sanctions beyond counseling to address such professional misconduct.
On the other hand, formal positive sanctions can be seen when exceptional behavior, such as a soldier saving a life, is officially recognized with commendations. Within a bureaucracy, it's often those inside the organization who are in the best position to identify and report misconduct, despite potential backlash or negative repercussions for the whistleblower.