Final answer:
Urine sediment with pyuria, including bacterial and WBC casts, is indicative of pyelonephritis, which is a serious kidney infection commonly resulting from a urinary tract infection. The correct option is B.
Step-by-step explanation:
Urine sediment characterized by pyuria with bacterial and WBC casts typically indicates an infection of the kidney known as pyelonephritis. This is a type of urinary tract infection that affects the kidneys and can lead to serious complications if not properly treated.
Pyelonephritis is diagnosed through microscopic examination of urine sediment to look for the presence of white blood cells, bacteria, and cellular casts which can be indicative of a kidney infection.
On the other hand, conditions like cystitis involve inflammation of the bladder and do not usually present with WBC casts in the urine. Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by damage to the glomeruli resulting in proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and hyperlipidemia, but not typically by infection.
Polycystic kidney disease is a genetic disorder characterized by the growth of numerous cysts in the kidneys and is not directly associated with urine sediment containing WBC casts and bacteria.
Therefore, the correct answer to the question: Urine sediment characterized by pyuria with bacterial and WBC casts indicates is B. Pyelonephritis.