Final answer:
According to Freud's psychosexual development theory, fetishism may result from an inability to bond with one or both parents during the phallic stage of development. Option d.
Step-by-step explanation:
Freud's psychosexual development theory posits that failure to properly engage in or disengage from a specific stage can result in emotional and psychological consequences throughout adulthood. According to Freud, fetishism may be thought to result from an inability to bond with one or both parents during the phallic stage of development. This stage occurs between the ages of 3 and 6 and involves the child's sexual desire for the opposite-sex parent and rivalry with the same-sex parent.
The other options listed, such as early childhood sexual abuse, chemical imbalance in the brain, and inability to bond with one or both parents have been debated or explored in various psychological studies, but Freud's theory primarily speaks to the effect of early developmental experiences on later patterns. Notably, while Freud's theories are influential and continue to be a reference point in psychoanalytic theory, it's important to recognize that empirical evidence to substantiate his claims is limited, and contemporary psychology looks at a far broader range of factors to understand complex phenomena like fetishism.