Final answer:
Valgus extension overload at the elbow is associated with injuries to the ulnar collateral ligament, joint deterioration, and tendon damage, often exacerbated by repetitive arm extension motions in sports such as baseball and tennis.
Step-by-step explanation:
Three associations with valgus extension overload at the elbow include the ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) injury, joint deterioration, and tendon damage. The UCL, particularly its anterior portion, may be injured due to frequent, forceful extensions of the forearm, as seen in baseball pitchers, leading to what is commonly called "pitcher's elbow." Such injuries often require reconstructive surgery, known as Tommy John surgery. Additionally, sports that involve repetitive arm extension, like tennis, can cause undue stress on the elbow joint and surrounding tendons, contributing to conditions like tennis elbow. The mass and lever arm of a tennis racquet are significant factors in maximizing performance and minimizing injury risk. Lastly, certain styles of play that involve twisting the hand or using a rigid extended elbow can further aggravate elbow tendons.