Final answer:
A supracondylar fracture in children can result from a fall on the elbow, leading to potential artery compression and ischemia. A Colles fracture is a common result of falling onto an outstretched hand, especially in older individuals with osteoporosis, and may also require surgical intervention.
Step-by-step explanation:
A supracondylar fracture of the distal humerus is a common injury in children resulting from a fall onto the elbow. In this injury, the olecranon of the ulna is thrust upward, causing a fracture just above the epicondyles of the humerus or separating the epicondyles from the humerus body. An immediate concern with supracondylar fractures, especially if the limb becomes pulseless after reduction, is the potential compression of the artery leading to the forearm, which can cause ischemia (lack of oxygen) due to reduced blood flow. This compression can lead to quick, irreparable damage to the forearm muscles and affect the nerves for shoulder and upper limb muscles.
A Colles fracture is another frequent injury that occurs from a fall onto an outstretched hand, particularly common in older individuals with osteoporosis. This involves a transverse fracture across the distal radius, which results in a displacement of the hand and the characteristic 'dinner fork' appearance of the forearm.
Both types of fractures—supracondylar and Colles—significantly impair the functional ability of the upper limbs and may require surgery depending on the severity and displacement of the fracture.