Final answer:
The Hundred Years' War between England and France lasted from 1337 to 1453, originating from disputes over the French throne. Prior and subsequent conflicts also shaped the historical rivalry, including battles over Normandy and the French and Indian War in the Americas, which contributed to the contest for imperial dominance.
Step-by-step explanation:
The Hundred Years' War
The series of battles fought between England and France is known as the Hundred Years' War, which lasted from 1337 to 1453. The conflict began over claims to the French throne after the death of the French king Charles IV, leading to a century-long struggle between the English monarchy, with a claim from King Edward III, and the French crown, which was assumed by Philip of Valois. Although the war was interspersed with truces, it involved several pivotal battles and had a significant impact on both countries, with the English using trained infantry to gain many victories despite France's larger population.
Earlier Conflicts
Historically, England and France were intertwined through various other conflicts such as the battle for Normandy during the reign of Henry II of England and Philip II of France, and the evolution of the Magna Carta during King John's reign due to the financial burdens of warfare. These political and military engagements set the stage for ongoing rivalry and conflict.
Wars for Empire
The rivalry extended to the Americas where conflicts such as the French and Indian War, a part of the Seven Years' War, had both England and France, along with their respective native allies, vying for control over North America. This culminated in 1763 with the Treaty of Paris, which saw British victory and significant territorial gains.