Final answer:
The most common congenital heart defect is not explicitly listed among the options, but it is a Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD), closely associated with Tetralogy of Fallot. Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is also a significant congenital condition that requires prompt treatment to prevent complications.
Step-by-step explanation:
The most common congenital heart defect is a Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD), not listed specifically in the options but closely related to Tetralogy of Fallot (d). Tetralogy of Fallot is a congenital condition consisting of four heart malformations, including a ventricular septal defect. It often results in a 'blue baby' syndrome due to the cyanosis it causes. A patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is another congenital condition where the ductus arteriosus fails to close, but is not the most common defect. It is essential to detect and treat these conditions early to improve the quality of life and survival rates of affected individuals.
Septal defects are often first detected through auscultation, where unusual heart sounds may indicate heart anomalies. Conditions like Tetralogy of Fallot and PDA can result in serious symptoms and require surgical interventions for treatment, which can include the use of stents, valve replacements, and patches to repair the septal defect. Diagnosis is typically confirmed through medical imaging such as echocardiography.