Final answer:
Federal Courts have jurisdiction over cases involving federal laws, state disputes, and diverse citizenship, among others, with the Supreme Court having original jurisdiction in specific instances, while other matters are heard on appeal.
Step-by-step explanation:
Federal Courts Jurisdiction
The Constitution grants Federal Courts jurisdiction over certain cases, which essentially is the power to hear and decide legal disputes. Article III, Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution and the Federal Judiciary Act of 1789 delineate the scope of this jurisdiction. Specifically, Federal Courts are empowered to handle cases involving federal law, disputes between states, disputes involving residents of different states, and cases where the United States government is a party. Appellate courts hold appellate jurisdiction, which means they review decisions from lower courts.
Exclusive jurisdiction is reserved for cases dealing strictly with federal law or international matters, meaning only Federal Courts can hear these cases. When both state and federal courts can hear a case, such as cases involving diverse citizenship, this is known as concurrent jurisdiction. The Supreme Court, at the top of the federal judiciary, holds original jurisdiction in certain circumstances, such as disputes involving states or international diplomats, while other cases come under its appellate jurisdiction. Judicial review is a key function, whereby federal courts decide on the constitutionality of laws.