Final answer:
Congress has the power to create inferior federal courts under Article III, which exercises the Judicial Power of the United States, including the Supreme Court and lower courts like District and Circuit Courts.
Step-by-step explanation:
The Constitution gives Congress the power to create the inferior courts. These courts were created under Article III to exercise "the Judicial Power of the United States." Article III establishes the Judicial Branch, which includes one Supreme Court and permits Congress to establish inferior courts as needed. The inferior federal courts can include district courts, courts of appeals, and other specialized courts. The purpose of this system is to handle cases that arise under federal law and interpret the Constitution.
Under Article III, the judicial Power of the United States is vested in the one Supreme Court, and Congress has the discretion to establish inferior courts. These have been established over time to ensure a robust judiciary capable of handling various cases. To this end, Congress created a network of District Courts and Circuit Courts, and the size and structure of the Supreme Court have varied over time, with the current configuration being nine Justices since 1869.
It's important to note that Supreme Court justices and federal judges hold their positions for life to ensure independence and are only removable through impeachment. Their compensation cannot be decreased while they remain in office, safeguarding them from potential manipulation through their salary.