Final answer:
In many countries with a presidential system of government, the head of state, such as the president, holds the authority to grant exceptions and act as the approval authority for special situations.
Step-by-step explanation:
In special situations, the authority to grant exceptions and approve special cases can vary across countries and their respective political systems. However, in many countries with a presidential system of government, the head of state, such as the president, holds the power to grant exceptions and act as the approval authority for special situations.
For example, the president may have the authority to require Cabinet members to provide written opinions, convene a special session of Congress, receive ambassadors, command the armed forces, veto legislation, and grant pardons.