Final answer:
Patients with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS) typically suffer from dehydration and electrolyte imbalance due to excessive urination caused by high blood glucose levels. DKA also involves acidosis due to elevated ketone bodies from fatty acid breakdown. Intravenous fluids are often used to treat these fluid issues.
Step-by-step explanation:
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS) are two acute complications of diabetes that can result in serious fluid issues. Patients with DKA experience loss of fluids due to excessive urination (polyuria) as a response to elevated blood glucose levels. This polyuria leads to dehydration and the loss of electrolytes, such as sodium and potassium. The primary fluid issue in DKA is a combination of dehydration and electrolyte imbalance. Patients with DKA also have elevated ketone levels due to the breakdown of fatty acids for energy, resulting in acidosis. HHS, which is more common in type 2 diabetes, involves severe dehydration from a sustained high blood sugar that is not managed. This hyperglycemia leads to osmotic diuresis, further promoting dehydration and electrolyte depletion. Treatment often includes the administration of intravenous fluids to rehydrate the patient and correct the electrolyte balance.