Final answer:
The major risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus include smoking, alcohol consumption, poor diet, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).
Step-by-step explanation:
The major risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus include:
- Smoking: Smokers have a much higher risk of developing esophageal cancer compared to non-smokers.
- Alcohol consumption: Heavy alcohol consumption increases the risk of esophageal cancer.
- Poor diet: A diet low in fruits and vegetables and high in processed meats is associated with an increased risk.
- Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): Chronic acid reflux can lead to inflammation and damage to the lining of the esophagus, increasing the risk of cancer.