Final answer:
End-tidal CO2 normal range is 35 to 45 mmHg; increases may indicate hypoventilation and decreases suggest hyperventilation or decreased cardiac output. The capnography waveform is divided into four phases: Baseline, Ascend, Alveolar Plateau, and Descend, which provide insights into the patient's respiratory status.
Step-by-step explanation:
Understanding Capnography and End-Tidal CO2 Normals
The normal range for end-tidal CO2 (EtCO2), which is the maximum level of carbon dioxide (CO2) at the end of an exhaled breath, is typically between 35 to 45 mmHg. An increase in EtCO2 may indicate hypoventilation, respiratory depression, or an increased metabolic rate. On the other hand, a decrease in EtCO2 may suggest hyperventilation, a drop in cardiac output, or a pulmonary embolism.
Labeling the Parts of a Capnography Waveform
A typical capnography waveform has several key components:
Phase I (Baseline): Represents the beginning of exhalation where there is no CO2.
Phase II (Ascend): Marks the rapid rise in CO2 as exhalation continues.
Phase III (Alveolar Plateau): The level off of the CO2 curve representing alveolar exhalation.
Phase IV (Descend): A rapid decline back to baseline as inhalation begins and CO2 is removed.
Each part of the capnography waveform offers vital clinical information about the patient's respiratory status and potential abnormalities in ventilation and perfusion.