Final answer:
Airplane operations on narrow icy runways are subject to stringent regulations and guidelines to ensure safety. Factors such as the runway's friction coefficient, aircraft performance, and the effectiveness of de-icing procedures are critically assessed before permitting such operations. Authorities may restrict or prohibit the use of runways deemed unsafe due to ice.
Step-by-step explanation:
The question pertains to whether operations on narrow runways with ice on them are permitted. The conditions under which aircraft can take off or land on icy runways are dictated by a variety of regulations and guidelines that ensure the safety of aircraft operations. Primarily, such decisions are based on the performance capabilities of the aircraft, the effectiveness of de-icing procedures, and the guidelines laid down by aviation authorities like the FAA or EASA.
A key consideration is the friction coefficient of the runway surface, which is greatly reduced in icy conditions and may not provide the necessary grip for safe operations. Airports may have equipment to measure the friction levels, and these measurements inform decisions about runway usability. Operators and pilots are generally required to adhere to published performance data and may have to calculate whether the available runway length, the surface condition, the aircraft weight, among other factors, allow for safe take-off and landing.
Moreover, aircraft might require the use of specialized anti-icing equipment and procedures before the flight. Air traffic control and regulatory authorities might also impose restrictions or closures on runways that are deemed unsafe. All these considerations must be strictly followed to mitigate the risks associated with operating in such challenging conditions.