Final answer:
Complications from an incorrectly sized or placed oropharyngeal airway (OPA) include inadequate ventilation leading to hypoxia, potential damage to oral tissues, exacerbation of airway obstruction, and risk of aspiration, which can result in aspiration pneumonia.
Step-by-step explanation:
If an oropharyngeal airway (OPA) is either too small or incorrectly placed, it may lead to several complications. A device that is too small may not prevent the tongue from obstructing the airway, which could result in inadequate ventilation and hypoxia. This risk is increased in individuals who have conditions such as obstructive sleep apnea, where the muscles of the tongue and throat may relax excessively and cause an obstruction. Similarly, in cases of obesity, excessive adipose tissue can push the soft tissues into the airway, making proper OPA sizing and placement crucial.
Incorrect placement of the OPA could also cause damage to the oral tissues or even push foreign objects further into the airway, exacerbating any existing obstruction. This is relevant considering the delicate structures in that area, such as the tonsils and the uvula. Furthermore, improper placement can lead to aspiration of gastric contents, which can cause aspiration pneumonia, a serious and potentially life-threatening condition.