Final answer:
Macrosomia refers to babies born with a large body size, which can lead to complications during childbirth for both the baby and the mother and may have long-term health implications. Intrauterine growth restriction can cause low birth weight and associated health risks. Maternal obesity increases the risk of macrosomia.
Step-by-step explanation:
Macrosomia, or being born too large, poses several health risks for both the infant and mother. For the mother, it can lead to a more challenging delivery, possibly necessitating a cesarean section, and may increase the risk of hemorrhage or other complications during childbirth. For the infant, complications can include birth injury such as shoulder dystocia, fractured bones, or nerve damage. Macrosomia is often linked to maternal diabetes, so managing maternal health during pregnancy is crucial.
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) refers to poor growth of a fetus while in the mother's womb during pregnancy. The causes of IUGR are numerous, including placental insufficiency, which can decrease the transport of oxygen and nutrients to the fetus, affecting its development. Babies with low birth weight due to IUGR have an elevated risk of facing health issues, both immediately following birth and later in life, including a higher susceptibility to diseases, developmental delays, and potential long-term health issues such as obesity and type 2 diabetes.
Obesity and being overweight present significant health concerns, contributing to an array of diseases like type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular conditions, liver disease, and more. Obesity during pregnancy increases the chance of macrosomia, highlighting the importance of maintaining a healthy weight for overall health and safe pregnancy.