Final answer:
European responses to Napoleon included a rise in nationalism, societal disruption, and a fluctuation between resistance and adoption of egalitarian reforms.
Step-by-step explanation:
The responses to the Napoleonic takeover varied across non-French European regions, reflecting a complex mixture of admiration, resistance, and transformation. Nationalism surged as people rallied around local identities versus Napoleonic universalism. Societal structures were disrupted, with egalitarian ideas challenging the deep-rooted aristocratic order, spearheading significant social change across the continent.
Spanish and Russian resistance and the cooperation of certain German states exemplify this diversity. Napoleon's Continental System, attempting to isolate Britain economically, further polarized reactions. The nuanced responses underscore the complex interplay between nationalism, pragmatism, and regional dynamics during this transformative period in European history.