Final answer:
The medial longitudinal arch is formed by a difference in curvature between the medial and lateral borders of the foot and is key for shock absorption and weight distribution.
Step-by-step explanation:
The arch that is formed by a difference in curvature between medial and lateral borders of the foot is known as the medial longitudinal arch. This arch is taller and its curvature is more pronounced compared to the relatively flat lateral longitudinal arch. The medial longitudinal arch consists of the tarsal bones posteriorly and the metatarsal bones anteriorly. Notably, the talus bone receives the body weight at the top of the longitudinal arches, transferring this weight to the ground through the anterior and posterior ends of these arches.
The arch structure contributes significantly to the foot's ability to absorb shock and distribute body weight, which is especially crucial during activities like walking, running, or jumping where the impact on the foot increases.