Final answer:
Before surgery, a patient should fast for at least 6 hours and undergo preoperative evaluations, including a full medical history, physical examination, and required tests such as an EKG. Cardiac patients may need a cardiologist's assessment, and prophylactic measures like antibiotics and endotracheal intubation should be in place for safety during anesthesia.
Step-by-step explanation:
Before surgery, a patient should undertake several important steps to ensure safety and readiness for the operation. Patients should generally have nothing to eat for at least 6 hours, and critical preoperative evaluations and clearances must be completed well in advance of the surgery itself. These include a complete history, physical, and review of systems, along with any necessary testing such as laboratory tests and an electrocardiogram (EKG), especially for major surgeries.
Prior to surgery, laboratory testing and an EKG are typically required to assess the patient's readiness and to uncover any potential issues that could complicate surgery. For patients with a history of cardiac problems, evaluation by a cardiologist may be necessary. Additionally, if endotracheal intubation is planned, this reinforces the importance of a clear airway, managed by an anesthesiologist or a medical doctor specializing in anesthesia. Just before the surgery, the team confirms several elements, such as the administration of prophylactic antibiotics if indicated, and the availability of essential imaging results. Angioplasty, endarterectomy, and coronary bypass surgery may be discussed if the patient has cardiovascular issues that need intervention either before or after the surgery they are planning for.