Final answer:
It is true that many modern European countries were formed in the 19th century, with Germany and Italy being notable examples of unification at that time. The period was characterized by internal consolidation and overseas expansion that led to modern nation states.
Step-by-step explanation:
It is true that many modern European countries came into existence during the 19th century. This period was marked by significant transformations in Europe — the emergent nationalism and political endeavors led to the unification and consolidation of nation-states. For instance, Germany was unified in 1871, becoming a significant industrial power by the end of the century. Italy also achieved unification in 1861, and the map of Europe was actively redrawn as empires transitioned into modern nation-states based on factors like language, culture, and economy.
During this era, Europe was relatively peaceful internally, devoting time to building strong domestic structures, economic industrialization, and the establishment of colonial empires. This led to European nations strengthening their national identities and expanding both internally and overseas. Empires such as Britain sought resources globally and, counterintuitively, the quest for colonization spurred competition and international involvement, thereby shaping the geopolitical landscape.