Final answer:
The Nitrogen Family, or Group 15, consists of elements with varying physical states and five valence electrons that form three covalent bonds to follow the octet rule.
Step-by-step explanation:
The Nitrogen Family, also known as Group 15 or the Pnictogens, is located in the periodic table and includes nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), and bismuth (Bi). These elements have five valence electrons and typically complete their valence shell by forming three covalent bonds, attaining a stable octet configuration similar to the noble gases. Nitrogen, for example, forms a very stable molecule (N₂) with a strong triple bond, making it relatively unreactive. However, other members of the family such as phosphorus and arsenic can bond with other atoms, showing different levels of reactivity.
The common chemical properties of these elements reflect their ability to form various covalent bonds to achieve the octet rule. Physically, the family consists of two nonmetals, two metalloids, and one metal, showcasing a range of states from gases (nitrogen) to solid (bismuth). Group 15 elements can participate in the formation of negative ions (anions) when they gain three electrons, like the nitride ion (N³-).
For instance, the electronic configurations of these elements indicate their reactivity and formation of compounds. Nitrogen, with its electron configuration of [He]2s² 2p³, demonstrates its tendency to form the N³- ion. Group 15 elements, owing to their position on the periodic table, exhibit significant variations in their chemical and physical properties, highlighting the diverse nature of the periodic table's organization.