Question

In China, the effects of massive urbanization may be more political. As its middle class grows, the freedoms that come with greater wealth could put more pressure on Beijing to open up its political system.

Answer 1

China's rapid urbanization and economic development have led to significant political and environmental changes, with growing pressure for political openness and the need to address environmental degradation and resource management as the country becomes increasingly urbanized and globally connected.

Step-by-step explanation:

The urbanization and economic growth experienced by China have resulted in significant political and environmental changes. The expansion of the middle class and the growth of affluence have potential political implications, possibly exerting pressure on the government for more openness. Meanwhile, the reliance on export manufacturing for economic growth, despite the lack of substantial agricultural resources, has necessitated strong international ties, but also resulted in environmental degradation, including serious soil erosion and air pollution.

As urbanization continues, with more than half of China's population living in rural areas, there is an ongoing rural-to-urban migration. Urban and economic growth has been concentrated in special economic zones (SEZs), largely in coastal areas, creating disparities in standards of living within China and exerting pressure on the environment and resources.

Chinese interest in the international Belt and Road Initiative reflects China's expanding global role. However, the environmental commitment to regions where China extracts resources or markets goods remains a concern, as does the balance between economic development and political control within China's own rapidly urbanizing society.