Final answer:
The cause-effect arrangement described in option d, which displays past reading scores and invites staff collaboration for future improvements, exemplifies cause-and-effect analysis applied to enhance educational outcomes.
Step-by-step explanation:
An example of a cause-effect arrangement in a presentation that a principal is giving to their staff in an attempt to improve reading scores of the student body would be option d: Displaying last years reading scores, identifying the target scores for the coming year, and asking for advice from the staff on how to meet the goal.
This option clearly outlines the cause (last year's reading scores) and seeks to establish the effect (improvement in scores) by involving educators in the solution process. This strategy is akin to many ideas for enhancing educational outcomes, such as testing students regularly, rewarding teachers or schools that show improvement, and restructuring underperforming schools to increase accountability and provide more choices for parents and students.