Question

explain 3 mechanisms by which pathogens exert damaging effects upon host cells during course of infection, and provide an example of a pathogen for each effect

Answer 1

Invasion, toxin production, and immune system evasion are three mechanisms by which pathogens can exert damaging effects on host cells.

Step-by-step explanation:

During the course of infection, pathogens can exert damaging effects on host cells through three mechanisms: invasion, production of toxins, and immune system evasion.

1. Invasion: Pathogens can invade host cells and tissues, causing damage. For example, the bacterium Salmonella can invade the cells lining the intestine, leading to inflammation and diarrhea.
2. Toxin production: Pathogens can release toxins that can damage host cells. One example is the bacterium Clostridium tetani which releases a toxin that affects the nervous system, causing muscle stiffness and spasms in the disease tetanus.
3. Immune system evasion: Pathogens can evade or suppress the host's immune system, allowing them to cause damage without being eliminated. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is an example of a pathogen that targets and weakens the immune system, leading to the development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).