Final answer:
Project Managers or Political Movements adapt two tactics to critique value-laden approaches: the promotion of alternative viewpoints and the use of counterexamples. These tactics aim to encourage objectivity and challenge entrenched beliefs or argumentative flaws.
Step-by-step explanation:
In critiquing value-laden approaches, PM (Project Managers or Political Movements, depending on the context) have adapted two primary tactics. The first tactic involves actively promoting alternative viewpoints to challenge and expand upon the entrenched beliefs that may prevail within a certain value system. This is done with the goal of being more objective and to allow for a broader understanding of different perspectives. The second tactic is the identification of counterexamples, which serve to question or invalidate arguments by providing scenarios where the premises may hold true, but the conclusion does not.
Considering the context provided, one of the critiques by PM could refer to the dialogue-based approach mentioned, which appreciates cultural context and does not directly criticize established traditions. This embodies the method of promoting alternative viewpoints by first understanding and valuing existing traditions before introducing new ideas. Counterexamples are inherent in discussions around contentious issues, such as in Benedictow's work, where alternative examples may be used to illustrate the flaws in an argument or narrative.
Another context of PM could relate to political campaigns, where tactics have evolved to include more objective and fact-based approaches as alternatives to value-laden negative campaigning. This shift aligns with the need to address the downsides of using emotionally charged or bias-based rhetoric, illustrating a move towards the first tactic of promoting alternative, more factual viewpoints.