Question

Psychoanalysts believe that mood disorders are caused by

Select one:
a. the loss of a loved one in childhood.
b. learned helplessness.
c. irrational beliefs.
d. all of the above.

Answer 1

Psychoanalysts believe that mood disorders can be caused by the loss of a loved one in childhood, learned helplessness, and irrational beliefs, making 'all of the above' the correct answer.

Step-by-step explanation:

Psychoanalysts believe that mood disorders, such as depression and bipolar disorder, are complex and can be influenced by a variety of factors. While a loss of a loved one in childhood could contribute to a mood disorder, other theories such as learned helplessness and irrational beliefs are also considered important. Learned helplessness, a concept initially developed by Martin Seligman, describes how a person might develop a sense of powerlessness after experiencing uncontrollable negative events, which could later contribute to mood disorders like depression. Additionally, attributions that individuals make about negative life events, whether they view them as internal, stable, and global or external, unstable, and specific, are a key aspect of this theory. The hopelessness theory of depression incorporates these ideas, suggesting that individuals with certain attributional styles may be more prone to depression in the face of negative life experiences. Therefore, in response to the student's question, the answer would be psychoanalysts and other psychologists believe mood disorders can be caused by 'd. all of the above.'