Final answer:
Bacteria and fungi in the soil are central to the decomposition process, recycling nutrients through the breakdown of organic matter and enabling processes like nitrogen fixation and nitrification. These microorganisms enhance soil fertility and assist in the development of healthy ecosystems.
Step-by-step explanation:
The process in the soil that is carried out largely by bacteria and fungi is known as decomposition. These microorganisms play a vital role in the ecosystem by breaking down organic matter and returning nutrients to the soil.
Decomposers such as bacteria and fungi metabolize substances released from plant roots, transforming them into humus, and facilitating soil fertility. Moreover, these organisms are fundamental in the nitrogen cycle, with processes like biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) and nitrification, helping to convert nitrogen into forms that can be used by plants for growth.
Bacteria and fungi are essential in the formation of biofilms and mycorrhizae, beneficial associations with plant roots that can aid in nutrient uptake. In addition to bacteria and fungi, other soil organisms such as worms and insects contribute to soil health by aerating and structuring the soil, playing a key role in soil formation and structure.