Final answer:
Clients at risk for pyelonephritis include those with a UTI, fever, and flank pain, as these are typical signs of a kidney infection that can develop from a lower urinary tract infection. Diagnostic methods include urine examination and culture, and treatment involves antibiotics.
Step-by-step explanation:
Among the clients provided, those at risk for pyelonephritis include Option 1: A client with a urinary tract infection (UTI) who has a fever and flank pain. Pyelonephritis is an infection of the kidneys often caused by bacteria that travel from infections lower in the urinary tract or through the bloodstream to the kidneys. Common signs and symptoms of this condition include fever, flank pain, chills, nausea, vomiting, lower back pain, and frequent painful urination. Individuals with UTIs, especially when accompanied by symptoms like fever and flank pain, are at an increased risk of the infection progressing to pyelonephritis.
Typical diagnostic methods for pyelonephritis include microscopic examination of urine, urine culture, and testing for leukocyte esterase and nitrite levels. Further, imaging of the kidneys may be performed for high-risk patients. When diagnosed, treatment typically involves a course of antibiotics such as penicillins and cephalosporins among others.
Options 2, 3, and 4, which describe clients with a sprained ankle, a history of seasonal allergies, and a broken arm, respectively, do not present any direct risk factors associated with pyelonephritis.