Final answer:
Factors influencing city layouts and economic activity locations include site location factors like natural resources, and situation factors such as trade route proximity. Abiotic factors are significant for biodiversity, and in health, heart contractility is influenced by various positive and negative factors.
Step-by-step explanation:
The factors affecting the layout of cities and economic activities include both site location factors and situation factors. Site location factors are inherent qualities of a location, such as the availability of water, fertile soils, and defensibility. On the other hand, situation factors pertain to the external environment, such as proximity to other cities or strategic locations for trade, like Singapore's central location in trade routes. Additionally, there are abiotic factors affecting global distribution of species, which include climate, soil, and water characteristics that influence biodiversity and ecosystems both in terrestrial and aquatic environments. In the context of health, factors affecting heart functions, including stroke volume and cardiac output, involve both positive and negative influences on heart contractility, which can impact blood flow and pressure responses.