Final answer:
Probability sampling involves random selection and ensures representation, while non-probability sampling does not. Exploratory research focuses on exploring and generating ideas, while causal research investigates causal relationships.
Step-by-step explanation:
(a) Probability and non-probability sampling:
Probability sampling is a method of selecting a sample from a population where each individual has an equal chance of being selected. It ensures that the sample is representative of the population and allows for generalization of the findings. Non-probability sampling, on the other hand, does not involve random selection and may introduce bias into the sample.
(b) Exploratory research and causal research:
Exploratory research aims to explore and gain insights into a phenomenon, with a focus on generating hypotheses and ideas. It is often the first step in the research process and helps researchers understand the topic in more depth. Causal research, on the other hand, aims to establish a causal relationship between variables and investigates the effect of one variable on another through controlled experiments or observational studies.