Final answer:
The formation of moral standards is influenced by upbringing, heritage and legacy, and religious values. All of these are legitimate factors that contribute to moral development. Therefore, the correct answer to the question is 'd. None of the above'.
Step-by-step explanation:
Factors in the Formation of Moral Standards
The formation of moral standards is a complex process influenced by various factors. These factors can be part of the upbringing, derived from heritage and legacy, or rooted in religious values. The factors mentioned in options a, b, and c are indeed used in the formation of moral standards. The formation of this set of personal guidelines is a social phenomenon, evolving from our interaction with others and shared human institutions like culture, tradition, society, law, and also through innate social instincts.
Moral reasoning can be based on different foundations like nature, society, politics, the self, or reason. As individuals engage in ethical thinking and moral inquiry, they grow as responsible moral beings, shaping their moral personhood.
With the given options, the correct answer is d. None of the above, since all the listed factors contribute to the formation of moral standards.