Final answer:
The statement provided about alienation is b. false . Alienation, according to Karl Marx, is the isolation of individuals from their work, society, and self within capitalist societies rather than societies that have not modernized.
Step-by-step explanation:
The statement 'alienation refers to societies that have not embraced modernization and are a threat to capitalism' is false. Alienation, as described by Karl Marx, refers to the condition in which an individual is isolated and divorced from his or her society, work, or the sense of self.
Marx outlined that in a capitalist society, the working class, or proletariat, experience alienation because they do not own the means of production and therefore cannot control the fruits of their labor, leading to a lack of control over their own lives.
Marx's concept of false consciousness refers to the idea that the working class may not always perceive their own best interests within a capitalist system, which can prevent them from rising up against the system.
Furthermore, it is not the lack of modernization that poses a threat to capitalism, but rather the internal contradictions and alienation inherent in capitalistic societies that Marx predicted could lead to its ultimate collapse.