Final answer:
The first true civilization of Mesopotamia lived in Sumer within the Fertile Crescent, known for innovations like the wheel, Cuneiform, and flood control. The correct answer is option e.).
Step-by-step explanation:
The first true civilization of Mesopotamia lived in the area known as the Fertile Crescent, which is option (e). This region, which encompasses present-day Iraq and parts of Iran, is also known as the Cradle of Civilization. The people of this civilization, called the Sumerians, resided particularly in Sumer, one of the earliest civilizations developing in southern Mesopotamia. The Sumerians were remarkable for their innovative spirit, inventing technological advancements such as the wheel, establishing a complex written language known as Cuneiform, and engineering flood control devices to manage the unpredictable flooding of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. They laid down the foundations for many key aspects of civilization, including arts, architecture, and sophisticated mathematical systems.