Final answer:
The correct answer is d. Formal positive sanctions.
Step-by-step explanation:
The correct answer to the question is d. Formal positive sanctions. Formal positive sanctions offer the only path available to getting the job done and where the rules or procedures are seen as inappropriate for the present situation. In a bureaucratic setting, formal positive sanctions can be used to reward individuals who successfully complete tasks or achieve desired outcomes, even if they had to deviate from established rules or procedures. Examples of formal positive sanctions include promotions, bonuses, and public recognition.