Final answer:
The author primarily uses a b. cultural and c. historical frame of reference to contextualize the passage, with attention to socio-economic and political influences.
Step-by-step explanation:
The frame of reference the author primarily uses to contextualize the passage falls under a cultural and historical approach, with a strong emphasis on the socio-economic and political influences on the texts. The provided texts illustrate a deep engagement with the various backgrounds within which the texts were written, including socio-economic, religious, and political backgrounds, all pertinent to fully grasping their significance. The approach aligns with the Contextualist understanding of texts, emphasizing the importance of considering the historical moment of a text's composition, its social implications, and its intertextual relationships with other texts.