Final answer:
Fractional crystallization is a chemical process used to separate compounds based on their solubilities, often applied in crude oil refining to produce various products. Processed hydrocarbon fractions are combined to create items like different octane gasolines and lubricating oils. These are stored and delivered to markets such as gas stations and airports.
Step-by-step explanation:
The request to give answer on differentiation, fractionation, and face saving can be addressed by focusing on the term 'fractionation', particularly fractional crystallization. This is a chemical separation process that is based on the difference in solubilities of substances. In fractional crystallization, a mixture is cooled and, as the temperature drops, the solubility of compounds decreases, and they start forming crystals at different temperatures. This leads to the separation of compounds based on when they come out of the solution as crystals.
One practical application of fractionation occurs in the refining of crude oil. In this context, crude oil undergoes a process of separation into its constituent components, known as fractions. Each fraction is comprised of hydrocarbon chains of different lengths and is processed to remove impurities like sulfur, nitrogen, and water. These purified fractions can then be mixed in various ways to produce different products like gasolines with varying octane ratings, lubricating oils with different weights, and heating oil.
Refineries use this knowledge to create a wide range of products according to market demand. From gasolines that are designed for specific engine performance to lubricants that ensure the smooth operation of machinery, the applications of fractionation are extensive. These products are stored and then distributed to various outlets such as gas stations, airports, and chemical plants.