The correct answer is c. Utilitarianism is consequence-based.
a. Cultural relativism is not inherently more aspirational than utilitarianism. Cultural relativism is the idea that ethical judgments and practices should be understood within the cultural context in which they occur, without imposing one's own cultural values. Utilitarianism, on the other hand, focuses on maximizing overall happiness or well-being, regardless of cultural differences.
b. Cultural relativism and utilitarianism are not easily comparable in terms of formality. Both approaches can be formalized and developed into systematic ethical theories, and their level of formality may depend on how they are interpreted or applied.
c. Utilitarianism is indeed consequence-based. It asserts that the morality of an action is determined by its overall consequences, aiming to maximize happiness or utility and minimize suffering. Cultural relativism, on the other hand, emphasizes understanding and respecting diverse cultural perspectives without necessarily evaluating them based on consequences.
d. This statement is not accurate. Utilitarianism is a specific ethical theory that focuses on the consequences of actions, while cultural relativism is a more general approach that emphasizes understanding and respecting diverse cultural values without necessarily prescribing a specific ethical framework.