Question

Durkheim argued that deviance can be functional and positive in which of the following ways?

-It is a source of innovation.
-It helps define group boundaries.
-Deviance helps create social solidarity.

Answer 1

Durkheim believed deviance is functional as it can foster innovation, clarify social boundaries, and reinforce societal norms and values, thus contributing to social solidarity and the collective conscience.

Step-by-step explanation:

Émile Durkheim argued that deviance can be functional and positive in a society in several ways:

1. It is a source of innovation: Deviance can lead to positive changes by questioning and changing the status quo, much like the civil rights sit-ins did in challenging the norms of segregation.
2. It helps define group boundaries: By identifying what is considered deviant, a society clarifies the limits of acceptable behavior, maintaining the social order.
3. Deviance helps create social solidarity: When society reacts to deviance, it often reinforces the collective conscience and reaffirms the values and norms of the society, leading to stronger social bonds.

Durkheim viewed society as a living organism where every part has a role, including deviance. The reaction to deviant behavior, such as punishment, reaffirms societal norms and contributes to the moral consciousness of society. This process also reflects 'social facts', which are values, cultural norms, and social structures that exist outside the individual yet exert influence on them.