Final answer:
Most discriminatory behavior is the result of ingroup favoritism, including both preferential treatment for the ingroup and negative treatment for those outside it. The correct answer is option c.
Step-by-step explanation:
Discriminatory behavior is often a complex interplay of attitudes and social dynamics, including ingroup favoritism and outgroup hostility. Ingroup favoritism occurs when individuals show preferential treatment and positive behavior towards members of their own group, which can be based on shared characteristics like gender, race, or even shared interests.
On the other hand, outgroup hostility involves negative attitudes and behaviors directed towards those who are not part of the ingroup. Discrimination itself is defined as negative actions toward individuals as a result of their membership in a particular group. While both ingroup favoritism and outgroup hostility can contribute to discriminatory behavior, most discriminatory behavior is the result of ingroup favoritism, as it not only includes positive bias towards one's own group but often coincides with negative treatment of others not part of it.