Final answer:
The product rule of probability states that the probability of two independent events occurring together can be calculated by multiplying the individual probabilities of each event occurring alone.
Therefore, the correct answer is: option 'the chance of two (or more) independent events occurring together is the product of their chance occurring separately.'
Step-by-step explanation:
The mathematical theorem on probability shows that the probability of the simultaneous occurrence of two events A and B is equal to the product of the probability of one of these events and the conditional probability of the other, given that the first one has occurred.
The definition of conditional probability, P(A|B)=P(AB)/P(B), can be rewritten as P(AB)=P(A|B)P(B). This is the product rule.
For example, if you are rolling a die (D) and flipping a penny (P) at the same time, the probability of getting a specific number on the die and a specific side on the penny is calculated by multiplying the probability of rolling the specific number on the die and the probability of flipping the specific side on the penny.