Question

Rank the sequence of steps followed when creating a DNA profile in the correct order, placing the first step at the top of the list.

1. The peak patterns of the electropherogram indicate whether an individual is a homozygote or a heterozygote for each repeat.

2. Genotype frequencies are calculated using parts of hardy Weinberg equation.
3. Genotype frequencies are multiplied to reveal the probability that a particular combination of repeat copy numbers would occur in a population.

Answer 1

To create a DNA profile, steps include DNA extraction, amplification using PCR, separation on agarose gel via electrophoresis, staining and analysis of bands, genotype frequency calculation using the Hardy-Weinberg equation, and examining electropherogram peak patterns.

Step-by-step explanation:

Creating a DNA Profile

To create a DNA profile, the following steps are typically taken in sequence:

• Extract DNA from a sample of body fluid like blood, semen, or saliva.
• Mix DNA with restriction enzymes and amplify with PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction).
• Run the mixture of DNA fragments on an agarose gel via electrophoresis to separate by size.
• Apply an electric current, causing negatively charged DNA to move towards the positive side.
• Stain the bands on the gel to indicate the amount of DNA each contains.
• Determine the sequences or genotypes based on the bands, and refer to the Hardy-Weinberg equation to calculate genotype frequencies.
• Multiply the genotypes' frequencies to predict the probability of these genotypes occurring in the population.
• Analyze the electropherogram peak patterns to determine if an individual is homozygous or heterozygous for each repeat.

By using these steps, scientists can create a detailed DNA profile for individuals, which is valuable for various purposes including crime investigation and genetic studies.