Final answer:
Policies from the administrations of Lincoln, Grant, and during the termination policy era severely affected Native American communities, leading to loss of land, sovereignty, and increased hardship due to forced assimilation and flawed reservation systems.
Step-by-step explanation:
Throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, policies enacted by presidents such as Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, and during the termination policy era had significant and often disastrous effects on Native American communities. Lincoln's policies, though often focused on Civil War and emancipation issues, had unintended consequences on Native peoples, including military strategies that impinged on Native lands. During Grant's presidency, despite his intentions for humane policies, violent conflicts persisted between Native Americans and Euro-Americans, and the introduction of the reservation system was flawed in practice. Later policies, such as the termination policy under the Eisenhower administration, aimed at assimilation through ending federal recognition and support for Native tribes, further exacerbated the hardships faced by Native communities, stripping away their sovereignty and leading to increased poverty and lack of access to services.
President Andrew Johnson showed indifference towards Native American issues, and many in the federal government justified harsh policies by labeling Native American tribes as enemies of the state, due to some tribes' alliances with the Confederacy during the Civil War. These perspectives fueled policies that continued to marginalize and disenfranchise Native American tribes, often ignoring the complex realities of their situations and the diversity of their cultures and political structures.