Final answer:
In public speaking apprehension, the confrontation phase refers to the initial surge of anxiety experienced at the start of speech delivery. It parallels the alarm reaction phase in stress response, triggering the sympathetic nervous system. Cognitive dissonance during public speaking can cause discomfort by affecting our need for consistency. The correct option is d.
Step-by-step explanation:
In the context of the phases of public speaking apprehension, the confrontation phase is the surge of anxiety we feel as we begin delivering a speech. This feeling can be compared to the alarm reaction stage in the general adaptation syndrome, where the body reacts to a perceived threat or stressor with a fight-or-flight response.
Similarly, when anticipating giving a public speech, the sympathetic nervous system can be stimulated, resulting in physical signs of stress such as increased heart rate and sweating.
The process of cognitive dissonance also ties into public speaking apprehension. Cognitive dissonance can cause discomfort because it disrupts our sense of consistency. When our actions (like speaking in public) do not align with our beliefs (possibly that we are not good at speaking in public), it can result in psychological stress and discomfort.
To handle the stress of public speaking, individuals may go through an adaptation phase where they gradually get accustomed to the stressor. This can be seen in cases where repeated exposure to public speaking leads to a reduction in the initial intense anxiety response as the speaker becomes more experienced and comfortable.