Final answer:
The emergent stage of reading and spelling is characterized by the concept of word, memory reading, directionality, and pretend reading.
Step-by-step explanation:
The reader uses his phonological awareness skills to segment words into their sounds and then must decide how these sounds are mapped to print. Due to the many ways sounds can be spelled, sound-to-spelling translation is not always simple or straightforward.
In the emergent stage of reading and spelling, several characteristics are observed. These include the concept of word, memory reading, directionality, and pretend reading. The concept of word refers to the understanding that each written word represents a spoken word.
Memory reading involves recognizing familiar words by sight without needing to decode them. Directionality refers to the knowledge that English text is read from left to right and top to bottom. Pretend reading is when a child pretends to read by memorizing the story or repeating it from memory based on the pictures.